Comprehensive per-and polyfluorinated substances profiling in beverages: Simultaneous quantification of ultrashort-chain to long-chain compounds in ready-to-drink teas and fruit juices
By Shun-Hsin Liang, and Justin A. Steimling
Toxics
May 11, 2026
DOI: 10.3390/toxics14050422
Ultrashort-chain (USC) per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly polar, mobile, and persistent emerging pollutants. While the environmental distribution of USC species is well-documented, their presence in widely consumed beverages remains under-characterized due to the analytical difficulty of capturing such highly polar species. This study established a robust workflow for the simultaneous determination of C1 to C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids, alongside other PFAS classes, in diverse beverage matrices including teas and fruit juices. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a mixed-mode inert-coated alkyl-phase LC column to enhance USC retention while maintaining performance for longer-chain analytes. A high-throughput, minimal-handling sample preparation was optimized to mitigate matrix effects and contamination. Method performance was evaluated using fortified beverage samples across 2–500 ng/L, with calibration ranges of 1–2000 ng/L and incorporation of 13 isotopically labeled internal standards. Results demonstrated acceptable accuracy (recoveries within 30% of nominal values) and optimal precision (%RSD < 12%). Application to commercial samples revealed frequent PFAS occurrence, specifically highlighting the prevalence of previously overlooked USC species in the human diet. These results demonstrate that ready-to-drink beverages are a significant pathway for human exposure, necessitating the inclusion of USC compounds in future food safety monitoring and risk assessments.
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