Particle and per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations from different types of fire extinguishers
By Myoungho Lee, Perng-Jy Tsai, and Chungsik Yoon
J. Hazard. Mater
June 9, 2025
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138776
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as "forever chemicals", have garnered significant attention due to their persistence and potential health risks. PFAS has been continuously used due to its ability to enhance the performance of fire extinguishers. This study aimed to identify the emission rates and airborne distribution of particles and PFAS released during the use of three types of fire extinguishers: powder, halon, and foam. Real-time particle measurements were conducted using an optical particle spectrometer and a scanning mobility particle sizer, while PFAS and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) samples were collected at a flow rate of 2.0 LPM for 4 hr. Total particle emissions followed the order of powder > foam > halon, with the highest emission rate observed in the powder-type extinguisher (588.6 ± 9.3 × 104 particles/min). The emission factor was also highest in the powder type, reaching 48.9 ± 1.8 × 102 particles/g. Additionally, the total PFAS concentration reached 70.2 ± 1.0 mg/m3 (p < 0.01) in foam type, surpassing levels reported in landfills and electronic waste sites. Given the potential risks associated with direct exposure to airborne particles and PFAS during fire extinguisher use, the use of personal protective equipment is strongly recommended.
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